{"id":9104,"date":"2022-07-07T23:54:37","date_gmt":"2022-07-07T16:54:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/easymed.vn\/?p=9104"},"modified":"2022-09-12T16:37:42","modified_gmt":"2022-09-12T09:37:42","slug":"lich-su-phat-trien-giai-phau-benh-trong-y-khoa-phan-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/easymed.vn\/en\/lich-su-phat-trien-giai-phau-benh-trong-y-khoa-phan-i\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N GI\u1ea2I PH\u1eaaU B\u1ec6NH TRONG Y KHOA (PH\u1ea6N I)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u00e3 n\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra \u0111\u1eddi cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu qua r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? C\u00f9ng EasyMed – Trung t\u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Anh Y Khoa c\u00f9ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu nh\u00e9!<\/b><\/p>\n

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Theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng, gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu b\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, v\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y n\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. V\u00e0o thu\u1edf h\u1ed3ng hoang, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 tin r\u1eb1ng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0 do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea5m k\u1ef5, l\u00e0m ph\u1eadt \u00fd th\u1ea7n linh ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb k\u1ebb th\u00f9 tr\u00f9 \u1ebfm… cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec7nh th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i x\u01b0ng th\u00fa t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi l\u1ec5 c\u00fang t\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c tr\u1eeb t\u00e0 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3; c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu ch\u1eb3ng may b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng trong khi s\u0103n b\u1eaft th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eefa b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eafp l\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c le l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ebfm l\u00e1p !…<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 s\u1ed1ng trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng, khi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u2026 li\u1ebfm l\u00e1p !<\/em><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai c\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u01b0\u1edbp x\u00e1c m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y ra kh\u1ecfi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ghi ch\u00fa n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy l\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1t sinh b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 u b\u01b0\u1edbu.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c Hy l\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Hippocrates, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Y; \u00f4ng sinh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 460 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean (Tr CN) t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3o Cos, v\u00f9ng Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1. Hippocrates tin r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb 4 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0 kh\u00ed, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi 4 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u00e1u, ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ea7y, m\u1eadt\u00a0<\/span>v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111en; b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a 4 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang \u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0o. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kinh nghi\u1ec7m, \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e2u h\u1ecfi b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 th\u0103m kh\u00e1m b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Hippocrates \u0111ang ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh Athens; m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh gi\u1ea5y c\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 275 sau c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, ghi l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 Hippocrates.<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb, \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt ngo\u1ea1i khoa nh\u01b0 x\u1eed tr\u00ed v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u1eafn x\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u00e3y, tr\u00edch m\u00e1u, t\u1ea9y x\u1ed5 v\u00e0 b\u00e0o ch\u1ebf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t, th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa kh\u1ecfi, nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn: “M\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u1eefa kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec7nh, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m b\u1edbt b\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0ng lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebft an \u1ee7i b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n”. \u00d4ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 y \u0111\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi “L\u1eddi th\u1ec1 Hippocrates”. \u00d4ng m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 377 (Tr CN).<\/span><\/p>\n

Sau Hippocrates, tri\u1ebft gia Hy l\u1ea1p Platon (428-348 Tr CN) trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m “\u0110\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i” c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng tin con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb l\u1eeda, n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00ed nh\u01b0ng theo \u00f4ng, kh\u00ed m\u1edbi l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tri\u1ebft gia Aristote (384-322 Tr CN), c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng do vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed5 x\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u1eabu t\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 suy di\u1ec5n sang ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng tim ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 3 bu\u1ed3ng! N\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1i Alexandrie c\u1ee7a Ai c\u1eadp, H\u00e9rophile v\u00e0 Erasistrate l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u00e1m li\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u1eabu t\u00edch tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00ednh ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a Aristote; hai \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p quan t\u00e2m ch\u00fa \u00fd. <\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u00e9rophile \u0111ang m\u1ed5 x\u00e1c<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 La m\u00e3 t\u00ean Cornelius Celsus, \u0111\u00e3 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, tu t\u1eeb h\u1ecdc, binh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 y h\u1ecdc. Trong b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch “V\u1ec1 y h\u1ecdc” (De medicina), \u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt th\u00e0nh 3 nh\u00f3m tu\u1ef3 theo c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n, thu\u1ed1c ho\u1eb7c ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt; \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh tim, t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 4 tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u00eam l\u00e0 s\u01b0ng, n\u00f3ng, \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111au.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Cornelius Celsus<\/em><\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 II, m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c La m\u00e3 kh\u00e1c t\u00ean Claudius Galen (130-200), l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb cho c\u00e1c v\u00f5 s\u0129 gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5u, nh\u1edd v\u1eady c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n quan s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan, m\u1ed9t t\u1ea1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3; nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Hippocrates. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc, sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La m\u00e3 Marcus Aurelius, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 khen ng\u1ee3i \u00f4ng l\u00e0 b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Claudius Galen<\/em><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c uy t\u00edn qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y y khoa su\u1ed1t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 XVI; m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u sai l\u1ea7m do d\u1ef1a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ph\u1eabu t\u00edch tr\u00ean heo, d\u00ea, v\u01b0\u1ee3n, voi.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Galen \u0111ang m\u1ed5 heo; gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y m\u00f4n sinh; h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u1ee5t th\u00e1o b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n; S\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Galen \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 trung c\u1ed5.<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 trung c\u1ed5 (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V-XV), y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn v\u1edbi nhau. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, ph\u1eabu t\u00edch tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m k\u1ef5; tuy nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IV, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i Syri r\u1ed3i lan r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Byzantin; s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc y khoa t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i \u00dd v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 T\u00e2y ban nha, Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 y h\u1ecdc h\u1ed3i sinh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 lan t\u00ean Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564), sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Y khoa Padua \u00dd, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc. Sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m ph\u1eabu t\u00edch t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft, \u00f4ng cho xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1543 b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch “V\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi” (De humani corporis fabrica); trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a Galen. Vesalius \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a m\u00f4n gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Andreas Vesalius, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch “V\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi”<\/em><\/p>\n

Giovani Batista Morgagni (1685-1771), m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai sinh ra m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu b\u1ec7nh. T\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, n\u0103m 79 tu\u1ed5i, \u00f4ng cho xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch “V\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc” (De sedibus, et causis Morborum per anatomen indagatis) trong \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u1eabu t\u00edch 700 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1eed vong. Theo \u00f4ng, m\u1ecdi b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt l\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan; \u1edf m\u1ed7i b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n, b\u1ec7nh s\u1ebd c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u1edf nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan kh\u00e1c nhau. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean c\u01a1 quan. \u0110\u00e2y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng do s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00ean \u00f4ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec sao b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan kh\u00e1c trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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G.B.Morgagni v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch “V\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc”<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu b\u1ec7nh xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Karl Rokitansky (1804-1874), ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ti\u1ec7p kh\u1eafc, l\u00e0m t\u1ea1i B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n \u0111a khoa th\u00e0nh Vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1o. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed5 kh\u00e1m nghi\u1ec7m t\u1eed thi cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1eed vong, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 30.000 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p (trung b\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y 2 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p trong su\u1ed1t 45 n\u0103m!). C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 n\u1ed9i khoa Joseph Skoda, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch b\u1ec7nh h\u1ecdc g\u1ed3m 3 t\u1eadp. Th\u1ef1c ra, c\u1ea3 hai \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ec7nh sinh, v\u1eabn tin theo thuy\u1ebft r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Hippocrates, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3; b\u1edfi th\u1ebf Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Skoda th\u01b0\u1edd<\/span>ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng: “Ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1edbi l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, c\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb th\u00ec h\u00e3y qu\u00ean \u0111i”.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 K.Rokitansky v\u00e0 J.Skoda<\/em><\/p>\n

Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902), Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 b\u1ec7nh h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Berlin, \u0110\u1ee9c; tuy v\u00f3c d\u00e1ng nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ec7nh h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Cu\u1ed1n “B\u1ec7nh h\u1ecdc t\u1ebf b\u00e0o” do \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft n\u0103m 1858 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a m\u00f4n gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu b\u1ec7nh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i; trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 ph\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u0103ng s\u1ea3n, chuy\u1ec3n s\u1ea3n, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng vi\u00eam, nh\u1ed3i m\u00e1u, u (H\u00ecnh 10). Theo \u00f4ng, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1edbi Virchow, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u01a1 quan sang t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 gi\u1ecfi, trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Julius Cohnheim (1839-1884), l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng vi\u00eam v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng xuy\u00ean m\u1ea1ch.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Rudolf Virchow v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch “B\u1ec7nh h\u1ecdc t\u1ebf b\u00e0o”\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

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Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Julius Cohnheim<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Virchow, c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u00a0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi sinh v\u1eadt;v\u00e0\u00a0 Louis\u00a0 Pasteur (1843-1910),\u00a0 tuy\u00a0 xu\u1ea5t\u00a0 th\u00e2n\u00a0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u00a0 nh\u00e0 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong\u00a0 nghi\u00ean\u00a0 c\u1ee9u\u00a0 b\u1ec7nh\u00a0 h\u1ecdc.\u00a0 Qua\u00a0 vi\u1ec7c\u00a0 gi\u1ea3i\u00a0 quy\u1ebft\u00a0 th\u00e0nh \u00a0 c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eb1m gai, b\u1ec7nh than \u1edf c\u1eebu, b\u1ec7nh ch\u00f3 d\u1ea1i; \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t sinh d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn sang m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh\u00a0 r\u1ed1i\u00a0 lo\u1ea1n\u00a0 chuy\u1ec3n\u00a0 ho\u00e1\u00a0 b\u1ea9m\u00a0 sinh.\u00a0 Con\u00a0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u0111\u00e3\u00a0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c to l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ec7nh sinh.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Louis Pasteur<\/em><\/p>\n

D\u1ef1 \u00e1n gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 b\u1ed9 gen ng\u01b0\u1eddi (human genome project) – m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111a qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb 1987 – \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1ed9 gen ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 34.000 gen; m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eb1m l\u1eadp n\u00ean th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c protein ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Proteomics), x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c protein trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. Tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc – nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 phim khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng mang t\u00ean Gattaca (1997) (H\u00ecnh 13) – l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt m\u00e1u l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gen n\u00e0o c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u1ecb r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n, protein n\u00e0o b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u ngay t\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y (Targeted therapy).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Phim khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng Gattaca (1997)<\/em><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI n\u00e0y, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc, s\u1ef1 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a tin h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, s\u1ef1 d\u01b0 th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t… nh\u01b0ng h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n cha anh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. S\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh m\u1edbi (AIDS, c\u00fam g\u00e0, SARS, c\u00fam heo), v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ef1 n\u00f3ng l\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, h\u1ed1 s\u00e2u ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf, n\u1ea1n kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1… c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi “h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i” n\u00e0y c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng “kho\u1ebb”, m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, b\u1ea5t an. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111ang quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt l\u00e0 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 do l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng; ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n b\u1ec7nh kh\u00ed ph\u1ebf th\u0169ng, ung th\u01b0 ph\u1ed5i l\u00e0 do h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1, x\u01a1 gan do u\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u r\u01b0\u1ee3u, cao huy\u1ebft \u00e1p do cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u “x\u00ec tr\u00e9t”, b\u00e9o ph\u00ec do \u0103n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9c \u0103n Mc Donald, g\u00e0 r\u00e1n Kentucky … Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u00e3 n\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra \u0111\u1eddi cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":9107,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[68],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9104","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-giai-phau"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/easymed.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9104","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/easymed.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/easymed.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/easymed.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/easymed.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9104"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/easymed.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9104\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10410,"href":"https:\/\/easymed.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9104\/revisions\/10410"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/easymed.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9107"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/easymed.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9104"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/easymed.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9104"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/easymed.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9104"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}